Goh Cheng Leong Chapter 2: The Earth's Crust (Physical and Human Geography)

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Dr. Manishika Jain explains the Goh Cheng Leong Chapter 2: The Earth's Crust (Physical and Human Geography).

Structure of Earth @0:09
Rock Classification – Igneous @2:24
Rock Classification – Sedimentary @5:44
Chemically @6:19
Organically @6:50
Mechanically @7:29
Rock Classification – Metamorphic @7:57
Mountain Orogeny @8:34
Types of Mountains – Fold @11:03
Types of Mountains – Block @14:45
Types of Mountains – Volcanic @16:32
Types of Mountains – Residual @17:23
Types of Plateaux – Tectonic @18:29
Types of Plateaux – Volcanic @19:29
Types of Plateaux – Dissected @20:02
Types of Plains @20:54
Types of Plains – Depositional @21:46
Types of Plains – Erosional @23:21
#Quartzite #Cemented #Mudstone #Mechanically #Sedimentary #Monuments #Intrusive #Diorite #Igneous #Crust #Manishika #Examrace

Structure of Earth
Crust
Mantle
Core
Rock Classification - Igneous
Magma
Crystalline
No layers
No fossils
Silica – Acid, less dense & light
Fe, Al & Mg – Basic, dense & dark
Plutonic – at depth, cool and solidify slowly – intrusive (granite, diorite & gabbro)
Volcanic – lava, rapid solidify, small crystals, basalt, extrusive
Basalt – polygonal columns in Giant Causeway Antrim (N. Ireland), Deccan (India), Columbia-Snake (USA) – Dyke (𝕀) & Sills (−)
Hard & resistant
Road making and monuments
Rock Classification - Sedimentary
Sediments
Layers
Stratified
Non-crystalline
Fossils
Mechanically: cemented together, sandstone – coarse (grit); round (conglomerate); angular (breccia); fine – clay & mudstone
Organically: living organisms, calcareous (limestone & chalk); carbonaceous (swamp & forest) – coal (peat, lignite and coal)
Chemically: rock salt (seabeds), gypsum or 𝐶𝑎〖𝑆𝑂〗_4 - Dead Sea, Potash & nitrates
Rock Classification - Metamorphic
Changed
Pressure and heat
Clay → Slate
Limestone → Marble
Sandstone → Quartzite
Granite → Gneiss
Shale → Schist
Coal → Graphite
Mountain Orogeny
Types of Mountains -Fold
Fold Mountain – stress and wrinkles, fold on line of weakness, mountains of elevation
Overfold, Recumbent and nappe
Volcanic (Circum Pacific)
Sn, Cu, Au & petroleum

Types of Mountains -Block
Faulting – Tension or Compression
Horst or block
Garben or rift
Tension – Hunsruck, Vosges & Black Forest, East African Rift Valley – Major (subside)
Compression – Thrust or reverse fault (uplift)

Types of Mountains -Volcanic
Lava, bomb, cinder, ash, dust
Mountain of accumulation
Mt. Fuji (Japan)
Mt. Mayon (Philippines)
Mt. Merapi (Sumatra)
Mt. Agung (Bali)
Mt. Catopaxi (Ecuador)
Types of Mountains -Residual
Denudation
Mt. Manodrock (USA)
Dissected Plateaux – downcutting – Scotland, Scandinavia and Deccan
Types of Plateaux - Tectonic
Tablelands
Earth movements
Deccan (India)
Tilted – Meseta (Iberia)
Faulted – Harz (Germany)
Intermont – b/w 2 mountains (Tibetan b/w Himalayas and Kunlun; Bolivia b/w Andes)
Types of Plateaux - Volcanic
Basaltic – lava – solidify
Antrim (N. Ireland)
NW Deccan (India)
Columbia-Snake (USA)
Types of Plateaux - Dissected
Weathering and erosion
Deep cuts
Stream and glacial actions
Scottish Highlands
Mesa and butte (SW USA)
Brazilian plateau (Minas Gerias) – Fe & Mn
Deccan – Mn, Fe and Coal
W. Australia – Au & Fe

Types of Plains 
Area of lowland
Low hills with rolling topography
Indo-Gangetic plain
Mississippi plains
Yangtze plain
Grasslands
Russian – Steppes
N. America – Prairies
Argentina – Pampas
Structural – structurally depressed and lowlands – Russian, Great Plains and lowlands of Australia
Types of Plains - Depositional
Deposition by various agents
Rivers – alluvial plains, flood plains and deltas
Nile, Egypt: Rice and cotton
Ganga, India: jute and rice
Hwang Ho, China: many crops
Glacial – outwash plains (boulder clay) – barren – Holland and N. Germany; Midwest USA; East Anglia (England)
Coastal - waves and winds– Belgium, Netherlands, Gulf coast of USA (lowlands) & Florida to Texas (uplands)
Aeolian – loess – China, Pampas- fill grooves

Types of Plains - Erosional
By agents of erosion – wind, water, rain, ice
Plains of denudation – peneplains (humid)
River deepen and widen (highlands are lowered)
Glaciated – ice-scoured plains – hollows scoop out ice and filled with water; Finland – 35,000 lakes with 10% area
Wind – deflation – eroded material; stony plains – reg in Africa – mountains with gentle slope pediments and pediplains (arid & semi-arid with inselbergs- steep hills)

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Created:	3. 2. 2021 11:23:52

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Goh Cheng Leong Chapter 2: The Earth's Crust (Physical and Human Geography)