Two-Photon Polymerization

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Further Reading:

Emons, Moritz, et al. "Two-photon polymerization technique with sub-50 nm resolution by sub-10 fs laser pulses."
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/viewmedia.cfm?uri=ome-2-7-942&seq=0

The special characteristics of ultrashort laser pulses, their high peak powers - with relatively low average power - enable material processing techniques to enter previously inaccessible areas. An interesting use for such pulses is the two-photon polymerization (2PP). In recent years 2PP allowed for the generation of functional structures in the sub-micron range, but so far minimum pulse durations of comparatively long 50 fs have been used therefor. Within the scope of this thesis, the use of sub-10-fs pulses will be investigated concerning their influence on the 2PP structure size.
For this purpose, a non-collinear optical-parametric amplifier (NOPA) is used to realize pulses with durations of less than 10 fs, pulse energies of several hundred nanojoules and high repetition rates of 1MHz in the NIR spectral range.
The special feature of this system is the use of a thin YAG plate for white light generation and just a single amplification stage. This represents an innovative and compact laser source for the generation of ultrashort laser pulses with large pulse energies at high pulse repetition rates.
This ultra-short laser pulses are used for the 2PP technology and extensively studied in terms of their potential for the reduction of the reachable feature size. The 2PP-technology uses a locally limited chemical reaction induced by two-photon absorption in photosensitive materials to modify the material just around the focal spot of the laser radiation. By using a novel polymer material and ultrashort laser pulses, this process allows for the generation of structure sizes with lateral dimensions of only 50 nm. These three-dimensional structures have dimensions which are considerably below the diffraction limit of the used laser wavelength.

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Two-Photon Polymerization